This booklet was published in 1921 by a veteran of the Civil War. The author’s intent is to advocate for The Cause and expose the “truth.” I’ve read several modern-day defenses of The Cause, but I wanted to get the perspective of someone closer in time to the conflict. A participant was even better, although Johnstone served for only an unexplained eight months. Unfortunately, time and participation provided few novel insights. I shouldn't have been surprised because years earlier Jefferson Davis had articulated the dogma of The Cause in his two histories of the Confederated States of America.
Johnstone presents the case that a duplicitous President Lincoln started the
war by reinforcing Forts Sumter and Pickens, the last Union military presence in
the seceded states. First, the duplicitous part. In his inaugural, Lincoln
said, “The power confided to me will be used to hold, occupy, and possess the
property and places belonging to the Government.” All other military
installations had been confiscated prior to his inaugural, so he could only have been speaking about Sumter and Pickens.
What act
started the war? Secession of seven states in response to the election of a Republican or
Lincoln taking office despite threats of assassination? The confiscation of Federal
property under threat of physical attack or denial of weapons, munitions, and
battlements to a belligerent? Does relentless bombardment of Sumter constitute
an act of war or providing food and water to those starving soldiers? The South had been threatening war ever since a split Democratic Party guaranteed the election of a Republican. They made good on their threats.
Despite the
reality of the situation, Johnstone paints Lincoln as despotic for not surrendering to the demands of the seceded states. Prior to inauguration,
did he distance himself from Seward and the Peace Conference? He did. In his
mind, he did not yet have authority to intervene. Did he dispatch war ships
to accompanying the resupply ships? He did, but he sent the South Carolina governor
a message that he would peaceably resupply the fort unless met with resistance. To deal with resistance if encountered, he needed naval war ships. Did
Lincoln maneuver to put Jefferson Davis in a box? He did. And he did this successfully because he
was a better politician.
Johnstone was right about one thing. The war could have been avoided if Lincoln had acceded to every demand. Forever.
Since the Constitutional Convention, slave states had been demanding that the North acquiescence to their peculiar institution or they would bolt. Bolt they did. Not over slavery in their own states, but because the Republican platform vowed to use federal powers to stop any further expansion of slavery.
Perhaps the war was inevitable. Once the South was independent, new demands of their neighbor would never cease. Sooner or later, there would be one demand too many.
