“Friends! Fellow Countrymen! We have petitioned. We have
remonstrated. We have supplicated. We have prostrated ourselves before the
throne of British majesty, and it avails us nothing! This meeting can do
nothing more to save the country! Let every man now turn his face toward
Griffin’s Wharf.”
I heard these words from Samuel Adams at the Old South
Meeting House in Boston. I immediately leaped to my feet and joined the throng
marching to Griffin’s Wharf. The destination of the rowdy mob was a cargo of
tea owned by the British East India Company. We tossed the tea into the harbor
in protest of taxation without representation.
My participation was not on December 16, 1773, the famed
night of the Boston Tea Party. It was December 16, 2005. Although a
reenactment, it remained a stirring call to arms. Adams’s meaning was clear:
the time for talk was over. Samuel Adams’ famous words, “This meeting can do
nothing more to save the country!” forced the protesters out of their pews and
into the street.
Every revolution needs a rabble-rouser, and Adams was the
pervasive firebrand of the American Revolution. He was of normal height for the
time, with sharp, angular features. One observer described him as “lean as a
greyhound.” John Adams, his second cousin, said, that when riled, his eyes
“sparkled like diamonds.” His roots were Puritan, and he disdained finery. A
British officer sneered that he looked like a “threadbare clergyman.” Despite
appearing average in stature, Adams possessed a larger-than-life personality.
Samuel Adams formed the Boston Committee of Correspondence
(1772) to share information, coordinate protests, and expose British tyranny.
Within two years, there were 300 similar committees throughout the colonies,
converting Boston activism into a colony-wide fight. He amplified a small riot
until it became the infamous “Boston Massacre.” He helped found the clandestine
Sons of Liberty, which added street muscle to the resistance. He popularized
James Otis Jr.’s slogan, “no taxation without representation,” orchestrated the
Boston Tea Party, and helped organize Paul Revere’s Ride. Samuel Adams was
omnipresent. No wonder he is called the “Father of the American Revolution.”

Adams was a revolutionary, but of a different nature than
most. British officials scoffed that Adams’ followers were a “tippling, nasty,
vicious crew” from seedy taverns. The truth of the matter is that he recruited
Sons of Liberty partisans from church choirs. Adams blended faith and rebellion
to build a grassroots army that toppled an empire.
Today, we hear “no taxation without representation” and
think the hullabaloo was about taxes. Our Revolution was primarily about the
lack of representation, rather than taxes. Prominent men of the era, including
George Washington and Benjamin Franklin, were angry that they did not have the
privileges of British citizenship. They were subjects of the empire. If the
colonists could not be British, then they would become Americans.
Adams signed the Declaration of Independence immediately
after John Hancock’s oversized signature. He did not serve as a soldier in the
war, stating that his weapon was “the pen, not the sword.” Adams refused to
attend the Constitutional Convention because he feared giving more power to the
government and fought for a Bill of Rights before supporting ratification.
Revolutionaries often fade away in disillusionment or take control of the
government they helped foment. Adams chose the second course and served three
terms as governor of Massachusetts. Ironically, as governor, he crushed Shays’
Rebellion.
Revolutions require more than rabble-rousers; otherwise,
they go awry. Successful revolutions require a clear and workable philosophical
underpinning. The Enlightenment provided the philosophical foundation for the
American Revolution. The Founding of the United States of America is the
crowning achievement of the Enlightenment.
Samuel Adams studied Enlightenment ideas at Harvard and
referenced Locke in his short and forceful “Rights of the Colonists” (1772). He
did not write intellectual treatises. He was a man of the street. He turned
Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau into slogans, riots, and policy.
Samuel Adams had a knack for exciting people to act. He
envisioned a new nation where “The natural liberty of man is to be free from
any superior power on earth, and not to be under the will or legislative
authority of man, but only to have the law of nature for his rule.”
His genius was getting others to share this vision … and
make it happen.
This article was first published in Constitution America.
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